
Professor
Diabetes Center
+1 415 476-1030
Michael German, MD studies the cascade of gene activation underlying the development of beta cells from less differentiated cells during embryogenesis or from stem cells in the adult pancreas, and how these genes function in the mature beta cell.
Publications
Monogenic Type 1 Diabetes: A High Yield Pool in Which to Discover New Mechanisms and Candidate Therapeutics for Type 1 Diabetes.
Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine
The Role of Imatinib in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes.
JCEM case reports
ABCC8-Related Monogenic Diabetes Presenting Like Type 1 Diabetes in an Adolescent.
AACE clinical case reports
Diabetes With Multiple Autoimmune and Inflammatory Conditions Linked to an Activating SKAP2 Mutation.
Diabetes care
Lactation improves pancreatic � cell mass and function through serotonin production.
Science translational medicine
The Need for Precision Medicine to be Applied to Diabetes.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
Elastase 3B mutation links to familial pancreatitis with diabetes and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
The Journal of clinical investigation
A Patient-derived Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Identifies Sapanisertib as a Possible New Treatment for Everolimus-resistant Tumors.
Molecular cancer therapeutics
A Genetic Interaction Map of Insulin Production Identifies Mfi as an Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Fission.
Endocrinology
(Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives.
Physiological reviews
Ectopic serotonin production in β-cell specific transgenic mice.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
A new familial form of a late-onset, persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy caused by a novel mutation in KCNJ11.
Channels (Austin, Tex.)
Effects of Biotin Supplementation During the First Week Postweaning Increases Pancreatic Islet Area, Beta-Cell Proportion, Islets Number, and Beta-Cell Proliferation.
Journal of medicinal food
Effects of dietary biotin supplementation on glucagon production, secretion, and action.
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
Phosphorylation of NEUROG3 Links Endocrine Differentiation to the Cell Cycle in Pancreatic Progenitors.
Developmental cell
�-Cell adaptation in pregnancy.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
A Path to Insulin Independence: "The End of the Beginning".
Cell stem cell
Follicle dynamics and global organization in the intact mouse ovary.
Developmental biology
Gai/o-coupled receptor signaling restricts pancreatic �-cell expansion.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine cells to �-like cells.
Cell death and differentiation
Functional role of serotonin in insulin secretion in a diet-induced insulin-resistant state.
Endocrinology
Use of copolymer polylactic and polyglycolic acid resorbable plates in repair of orbital floor fractures.
Facial plastic surgery : FPS
Menin determines K-RAS proliferative outputs in endocrine cells.
The Journal of clinical investigation
Chronological analysis with fluorescent timer reveals unique features of newly generated �-cells.
Diabetes
Serotonin regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic � cells during pregnancy.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Anonymous sources: where do adult � cells come from?
The Journal of clinical investigation
Research resource: RNA-Seq reveals unique features of the pancreatic �-cell transcriptome.
Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)
Effects of biotin supplementation in the diet on insulin secretion, islet gene expression, glucose homeostasis and beta-cell proportion.
The Journal of nutritional biochemistry
An siRNA screen in pancreatic beta cells reveals a role for Gpr27 in insulin production.
PLoS genetics
Novel role for SGK3 in glucose homeostasis revealed in SGK3/Akt2 double-null mice.
Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)
Association of variations in TPH1 and HTR2B with gestational weight gain and measures of obesity.
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
Chromatin insulator elements block transgene silencing in engineered human embryonic stem cell lines at a defined chromosome 13 locus.
Stem cells and development
Effects of biotin deficiency on pancreatic islet morphology, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
The Journal of nutritional biochemistry
Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endoderm in patterned size-controlled clusters.
Stem cell research
Neurogenin3 inhibits proliferation in endocrine progenitors by inducing Cdkn1a.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
A mouse model for monitoring islet cell genesis and developing therapies for diabetes.
Disease models & mechanisms
Precise pattern of recombination in serotonergic and hypothalamic neurons in a Pdx1-cre transgenic mouse line.
Journal of biomedical science
Dachshund homologues play a conserved role in islet cell development.
Developmental biology
Serotonin regulates pancreatic beta cell mass during pregnancy.
Nature medicine
The ETS oncogene family transcription factor FEV identifies serotonin-producing cells in normal and neoplastic small intestine.
Endocrine-related cancer
Current status of islet cell replacement and regeneration therapy.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Derivation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells.
Stem cell research
The role of Lmx1a in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into midbrain dopamine neurons in culture and after transplantation into a Parkinson's disease model.
Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)
Homeodomain transcription factor NKX2.2 functions in immature cells to control enteroendocrine differentiation and is expressed in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.
Endocrine-related cancer
New beta-cells from old acini.
Nature biotechnology
Signals from the neural crest regulate beta-cell mass in the pancreas.
Development (Cambridge, England)
Gender and neurogenin3 influence the pathogenesis of ketosis-prone diabetes.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
Induction of pancreatic islet cell differentiation by the neurogenin-neuroD cascade.
Differentiation; research in biological diversity
Sox9 coordinates a transcriptional network in pancreatic progenitor cells.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Ngn3 expression during postnatal in vitro beta cell neogenesis induced by the JAK/STAT pathway.
Cell death and differentiation
Activin A-induced expression of PAX4 in AR42J-B13 cells involves the increase in transactivation of E47/E12.
Biochimica et biophysica acta
The HMG box transcription factor Sox4 contributes to the development of the endocrine pancreas.
Diabetes
The Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor suppresses glucagon expression and regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islet beta cells.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Hedgehog signaling regulates expansion of pancreatic epithelial cells.
Developmental biology
PAX4 gene variations predispose to ketosis-prone diabetes.
Human molecular genetics
Proendocrine genes coordinate the pancreatic islet differentiation program in vitro.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
MAP kinases and their roles in pancreatic beta-cells.
Cell biochemistry and biophysics
Region-specific and stage-dependent regulation of Olig gene expression and oligodendrogenesis by Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor.
Development (Cambridge, England)
Neurogenin3 activates the islet differentiation program while repressing its own expression.
Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)
Hnf6 and Tcf2 (MODY5) are linked in a gene network operating in a precursor cell domain of the embryonic pancreas.
Human molecular genetics
Hes6 promotes cortical neurogenesis and inhibits Hes1 transcription repression activity by multiple mechanisms.
Molecular and cellular biology
Activated Notch1 prevents differentiation of pancreatic acinar cells and attenuate endocrine development.
Developmental biology
The Gene Pill and its therapeutic applications.
Current opinion in molecular therapeutics
Pdx1 expression in Irs2-deficient mouse beta-cells is regulated in a strain-dependent manner.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Neurogenin3 and hepatic nuclear factor 1 cooperate in activating pancreatic expression of Pax4.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Regulation of insulin gene transcription by ERK1 and ERK2 in pancreatic beta cells.
The Journal of biological chemistry
p38 MAPK is involved in activin A- and hepatocyte growth factor-mediated expression of pro-endocrine gene neurogenin 3 in AR42J-B13 cells.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Distinct gene expression programs function in progenitor and mature islet cells.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Gene expression cascades in pancreatic development.
Mechanisms of development
Neurogenin3 participates in gliogenesis in the developing vertebrate spinal cord.
Developmental biology
Expression pattern of IAPP and prohormone convertase 1/3 reveals a distinctive set of endocrine cells in the embryonic pancreas.
Mechanisms of development
Cloning, expression and genomic structure of human LMX1A, and variant screening in Pima Indians.
Gene
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate increases pancreatic glucokinase activity and gene expression.
Endocrinology
Homeobox gene Nkx6.1 lies downstream of Nkx2.2 in the major pathway of beta-cell formation in the pancreas.
Development (Cambridge, England)
Autoregulation and maturity onset diabetes of the young transcription factors control the human PAX4 promoter.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Transcriptional and translational regulation of beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Ventral neural patterning by Nkx homeobox genes: Nkx6.1 controls somatic motor neuron and ventral interneuron fates.
Genes & development
Intramolecular control of transcriptional activity by the NK2-specific domain in NK-2 homeodomain proteins.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Expression of neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas.
Development (Cambridge, England)
Regulation of insulin gene transcription.
Seminars in cell & developmental biology
Beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1 contains distinct DNA binding interference and transcriptional repression domains.
The Journal of biological chemistry
LMX1B transactivation and expression in nail-patella syndrome.
Human molecular genetics
The homeodomain of PDX-1 mediates multiple protein-protein interactions in the formation of a transcriptional activation complex on the insulin promoter.
Molecular and cellular biology
Paired-homeodomain transcription factor PAX4 acts as a transcriptional repressor in early pancreatic development.
Molecular and cellular biology
Biotin regulation of pancreatic glucokinase and insulin in primary cultured rat islets and in biotin-deficient rats.
Endocrinology
A novel glucose-responsive element in the human insulin gene functions uniquely in primary cultured islets.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.2 have diabetes due to arrested differentiation of pancreatic beta cells.
Development (Cambridge, England)
The endocrine secretion of human insulin and growth hormone by exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract.
Nature biotechnology
Genetic analysis reveals that PAX6 is required for normal transcription of pancreatic hormone genes and islet development.
Genes & development
Transcriptional synergy between LIM-homeodomain proteins and basic helix-loop-helix proteins: the LIM2 domain determines specificity.
Molecular and cellular biology
The beta cell transcription factors and development of the pancreas.
Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)
Regulation of insulin preRNA splicing by glucose.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Function of the human insulin promoter in primary cultured islet cells.
The Journal of biological chemistry
A strongly inwardly rectifying K+ channel that is sensitive to ATP.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
Cloning of rat KATP-2 channel and decreased expression in pancreatic islets of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription.
Nature genetics
Pancreatic beta cells express a diverse set of homeobox genes.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose.
Molecular and cellular biology
Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet beta cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Synergistic activation of the insulin gene by a LIM-homeo domain protein and a basic helix-loop-helix protein: building a functional insulin minienhancer complex.
Genes & development
The insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide genes contain similar cell-specific promoter elements that bind identical beta-cell nuclear complexes.
Molecular and cellular biology
Two related helix-loop-helix proteins participate in separate cell-specific complexes that bind the insulin enhancer.
Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)
Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose and calcium in transfected primary islet cultures.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Strict metabolic control and progression of incipient diabetic nephropathy.
Lancet (London, England)